1. Pronouns
Pronouns is divided into 4 type, such as:
a. The subjective pronouns (he, she, I, it, they, you, we) are used for subject of a clause
e.g. : - Should we help those people?
- Where did you go last week?
b. The objective pronouns (him, her, me, it, them, you, us) are used for the object of a verb or a preposition
e.g. : - Mary saw him on the street
- John talked to her for a while
c. The possessive before a noun (his, her, my, its, their, your, our) is used to show possession
e.g. : - this is my house. Where is your house?
d. The possessive after a noun (his, hers, mine, theirs, yours, ours) is also used to show possession
e.g. : - this book is mine, but that one on the table is yours.
2. Noun phrase
Determiner àa, the, etc
Opinion àugly, beautiful, etc
Size àbig, small, etc
Age àold, young
Shape àcircle, square, etc
Color àblue, red, etc
Origin à
Material àwood, etc
Purpose àdrawing, broken, etc (v3 or V.ing)
Noun àbook, car, etc
Example :
- a beautiful young lady
- the big wood house
3. Tenses
Is divided into 16 types :
1. Present (V1)
àI write a letter
2. Present cont. (V.ing)
àI am writing a letter
3. Present perfect (have/has + V3)
àI have written a letter
4. Present perfect cont. (have/has + to be + V.ing)
àI have been writing a letter
5. Future (will + v1)
àI will write a letter
6. Future perfect (will + have/has + v3)
àI will have written a letter
7. Future perfect cont. (will + have/has + to be + v.ing)
àI will have been writing a letter
8. Future cont. (will + be + v.ing)
àI will be writing a letter
9. Past (v2)
àI wrote a letter
10. Past cont. (was/were + v.ing)
àI was writing a letter
11. Past future (would + v1)
àI would write a letter
12. Past perfect (had + v1)
àI had write a letter
13. Past future perfect (would + have/has + v3)
àI would have written a letter
14. Past future cont. (would + be + v.ing)
àI would be writing a letter
15. Past perfect cont. (had been + v.ing)
àI had been writing a letter
16. Past future perfect cont. (would + have/has been + v.ing)
àI would have been writing a letter
4. Appositive
àa noun or pronoun – often with modifiers – place beside another noun or pronoun to explain or to identify it. Usually a comma(,) is put before an appositive phrase.
For Example :
- Jakarta, the old city, is rich in history
- Your friend, the small one, is in trouble
Note: the word with underline, its called “Appositive”
5. Relative pronouns
àit is used to identify certain nouns.
For the “people”, it is divided into 3 type :
a. Subject (who + V)
àI met a man who walk in the road
b. Object (whom + N)
àmy uncle, whom you met the other day, has recently written a book on Indian Art
c. Possessive (whose + possessive)
àMiss Suzuki, whose songs are very popular among young people, will give a concert in our town
For the “Things”, it’s using which/that. For example :
- I have a book that I buy in the bookstore
6. Thinking verbs, feeling verbs, verb of sense
- Thinking verbsàfrom the thinks of living things, likes think, understand, etc
- Feeling verbsàfrom the feel of the living things, likes love, hate, dislike, etc
- Verbs of senseàfrom the senses of the living things, likes see, feel, smell, etc
7. Adverb : manner, time, place
adverb normally follow the pattern manner, place, time.
e.g. : - A dog had found a juicy bone at the marketàadverb of place
- He would eat the bone for himself in his sweet timeàadverb of time
- The dog took the bone quicklyàadverb of manner
8. Narrative
An account of a sequence of events, usually in chronological order.
9. Procedure
Procedure is the set of steps which should be completed in the right sequence to get the goal. In our daily life, we often have to perform some steps to make or get something done. The generic structure of procedure has three principal components namely (1) the goal, (2) materials and (3) steps.
It usually tell us how to …,
For example : how to make a pancake
10. Imperative
Imperative sentences are used to tell people how to do things or give instructions. For example :
- go to sleep
- don’t park here
11. Must and Mustn’t
Must is used to say that something is necessary to be done. Whereas mustn’t (i.e. must not) is used to say that something is not allowed to be done,
For Example : - you must go now or you’ll be late
- she mustn’t say such a thing to older people. It is impolite.
12. Sentences connectors
Sentences connectors are used to show the steps, such as:
